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COVID-19 pandemic affected the entire globe and resulted in millions of deaths. Besides human-to-human respiratory droplets transmission, contact with aerosol-infected surfaces is an important way of transmitting this virus. The virus can be detected on many surfaces for a long time, in aerosols for at least 3 hours, and on plastic surfaces for up to 72 hours. Hence, it is crucial to determine how to disinfect the environment. Several biocidal agents have been used to clean the environment. Apart from biocidal agents, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation had also been used for environmental disinfection. However, there are several UV sources and systems with different wavelengths were used for disinfection and there was a wide range of effectiveness in disinfection with different modules. Thus, it was necessary to comprehensively review the current understanding of UV light used in disinfection to advise regarding UV light for environmental disinfection. Using the keywords COVID-19, UV light, and disinfection from 2020 to 2022, we searched various databases for articles online. We found various devices that had been studied for disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with UV, such as monochromatic UV-C lamps, UV-LED light, broad- spectrum UV light devices, and excimer lamps. As a monochromatic UV source, different types of lamps were reported to have an excellent effect on disinfection, with the most common wavelength used for disinfection being 254 nm. As a broad-spectrum wavelength light, which is from 200 to 280 nm, one- minute exposure is enough to cause a 3 log10 reduction of viral load, which means 99.97% in disinfection. UV light are effective in coronavirus disinfection. Compared with the chemical agent, it is more environmentally friendly. To apply the UV light to environmental disinfection, five minutes is enough to reach 99.99% disinfection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, for broad-spectrum wavelength light placed within one meter from the target surface. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Infectious Diseases is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
Partitioning and effect of antiviral GC376, a potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor, on model lipid membranes was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–VIS spectrometry, Excimer fluorescence, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Small- and Wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). Partition coefficient of GC376 between lipid and water phase was found to be low, reaching KP = 46.8 ± 18.2. Results suggest that GC376 partitions into lipid bilayers at the level of lipid head-groups, close to the polar/hydrophobic interface. Changes in structural and thermodynamic properties strongly depend on the GC376/lipid mole ratio. Already at lowest mole ratios GC376 induces increase of lateral pressures, mainly in the interfacial region of the bilayer. Hereby, the pre- and main-transition temperature of the lipid system increases, what is attributed to tighter packing of acyl chains induced by GC376. At GC376/DPPC ≥ 0.03 mol/mol we detected formation of domains with different GC376 content resulting in the lateral phase separation and changes in both, main transition temperature and enthalpy. The observed changes are attributed to the response of the system on the increased lateral stresses induced by partitioning of GC376. Obtained results are discussed in context of liposome-based drug delivery systems for GC376 and in context of indirect mechanism of virus replication inhibition.
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SESSION TITLE: Respiratory Care: Oxygen, Rehabilitation, and Inhalers SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:30 pm - 02:30 pm PURPOSE: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need to avoid environmental contamination with aerosols. To aid in this, the addition of a filter kit is intended to capture any exhaled aerosol. To determine the aerosol amounts emitted to the environment during nebulizer therapy several nebulizers were evaluated to test the efficiency of the nebulizer filter system. METHODS: The MaxiNeb® Duo, Circulaire® II and AeroEclipse® II BAN™ Nebulizer were operated at 50PSIG with their optional filter kits (n=5). Each device was evaluated with 2.5mg/3.0mL fill of albuterol and connected to a simulator mimicking adult tidal breathing. In addition to inspiratory and expiratory filters, the nebulizer was placed under an extraction system to capture any aerosol emitted through leakages or exhalation. Albuterol assay was undertaken by HPLC-UV spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The mass of albuterol captured from the extraction system with the MaxiNeb® Duo, Circulaire® II and AeroEclipse® II BAN™ Nebulizer was found to be 0.5±0.2, 1.5±0.6 and 0.0±0.0% of the initial dose respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The BAN™ Nebulizer without filter kit has previously reported environmental losses of just under 3%ꝉ so it is in keeping that the addition of the filter kit eliminated all losses for this device. The other two nebulizers emitted small amounts of aerosol even when a filter kit was used. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: If the laboratory results for the nebulizer / filter systems which did not eliminate all environmental emissions were replicated in a clinical setting, there would likely need to be an assessment performed into the potential risk to staff and patients. ꝉ Efficiency of a Nebulizer Filter Kit to Prevent Environmental Contamination During Nebulizer Therapy – presented at European Respiratory Society Meeting 2021 DISCLOSURES: Employee relationship with Trudell Medical International Please note: 27 years by Mark Nagel, value=Salary Employee relationship with Trudell Medical International Please note: >$100000 by Jason Suggett, value=Salary
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Clopidogrel bisulfate (Clopidogrel) is one of the main drugs for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases (acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral artery disease, etc.). Especially, this drug is very relevant in the treatment of COVID-19. Clopidogrel has repeatedly been the cause of lethal poisoning, and cases of clopidogrel being used for suicide are very common in China. According to the studied literature data, the analysis of this drug in the biological material is not presented. Objective: The aim of the research was to establish the distinctive ability of conventional methods of isolating medicinal substances from biological material in relation to clopidogrel in chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA). Material and methods. The study was carried out with model samples of pig liver that had not undergone putrefactive changes, which contained the studied drug. Detection and quantification of clopidogrel in extracts were carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV spectrophotometry. Results. The isolation efficiency of clopidogrel according to the method of A.A. Vasilyeva was 57.75±5.08%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 64.23±5.44%. When using the isolation method of A.A. Vasilyeva, the detection limit of clopidogrel was 1.04%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 1.09%. The limit of quantitative determination of clopidogrel according to the method of A.A. Vasilyeva is 3.31%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 3.34%, respectively. Conclusion. For analytical diagnostics in case of clopidogrel poisoning, TLC screening and UV spectrophotometric determination must be carried out with preliminary TLC purification. Isolation of clopidogrel with water acidified with ethyl alcohol (the Stas-Otto method) does not work. The effectiveness of isolating the drug by the method of V.P. Kramarenko is 64.23±5.44%. The greatest selectivity of the UV spectrophotometric method for determining clopidogrel in biological material in relation to matrix components was provided by the method of isolation with water acidified with sulfuric acid (V.P. Kramarenko's method). (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Введение. Клопидогрела бисульфат (клопидогрел) является одним из основных лекарственных препаратов для лечения различных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (острый коронарный синдром, ишемический инсульт, транзиторная ишемическая атака, заболевания переферических артерий и др.). Данный препарат особенно актуален при лечении СОVID-19. Неоднократно клопидогрел был причиной летальных отравлений, например, в Китае очень часто встречаются случаи использования клопидо- грела в целях самоубийства. Анализа данного препарата в биологическом материале по литературным данным не представлено. Целью исследований явилось установление отличительной способности клопидогрела, общепринятой в химико-токсико- логическом анализе методов изолирования лекарственных веществ из биологического материала. Материал и методы. Исследование проводили с модельными пробами свиной печени, не претерпевшей гнилостных изме- нений, которые содержали исследуемый препарат. Обнаружение и количественное определение клопидогрела в экстрактах проводили с помощью тонкослойной хроматографии (ТСХ) и УФ-спектрофотометрии. Результаты. Эффективность изолирования клопидогрела по методу А.А. Васильевой составила 57,75±5,08%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 64,23±5,44%. При использовании метода изолирования А.А. Васильевой предел обнаружения клопидогрела составлял 1,04%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 1,09%. Предел количественного определения клопидогрела по методу А.А. Васильевой – 3,31%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 3,34%. Заключение. Для проведения аналитической диагностики при отравлении клопидогрелом ТСХ-скрининг и УФ-спектрофотометрическое определение необходимо проводить с предварительной ТСХ-очисткой. Изолирование клопидо- грела водой, подкисленной этиловым спиртом (метод Стаса–Отто), не происходит. Наибольшую селективность УФ-спектрофотометрического метода определения клопидогрела в биологическом материале по отношению к матричным компонентам обеспечивал метод изолирования водой, подкисленной серной кислотой (метод В.П. Крамаренко). Эффективность изолирования препарата по методу В.П. Крамаренко составляет 64,23±5,44%. (Russian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Farmatsiya (Pharmacy) is the property of Russian Physician Public House Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
Background and importance The importance of mRNA-based vaccines increased rapidly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known on the challenges linked to handling shortages and extended stability of these new types of substance. Since vaccine remnants have to be discarded according to the Summary of Product Characteristics, we hypothesise that sterile filtration after pooling is suitable to save vaccine material for clinical application. Aim and objectives The aim of this pilot study was to compare quality parameters of remnants derived from ready-to-use mRNA vaccine solutions before and after sterile filtration. Therefore, we pooled mRNA vaccine solution remnants from Corminaty vials (BioNTech/Pfizer) and compared particle size, distribution and quantity of the lipoplexes. In addition, quantity and/or quality of the mRNA was determined. Material and methods Measurements of invisible particulates in the range 1-50 mm were performed by light obscuration according to the European Pharmacopoeia (10th edn). The size of lipoplexes was measured with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) to determine hydrodynamic diameter and particle concentration. Dynamic light scattering was employed complementarily to the NTA technique to focus on particle size from 0.3 nm to 10 mm. The concentration, purity and integrity of the mRNA was analysed by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis after mRNA purification. Results After pooling the remnants of the vials we found a substantial increase of particulates >1 mm when compared to fresh vaccine samples. This effect was likely due to contamination of the examined probes with particles from ambient air. As expected, all these particulates were eliminated by sterile filtration. Size distribution and concentration of the lipoplexes were comparable between unfiltered and filtered samples. With respect to the mRNA, we identified the fragment of interest in all examined samples. Sterile filtration did not change the concentration, purity and integrity of the mRNA. Conclusion and relevance Our results indicate that sterile filtration of mRNA-based vaccines eliminates particle contamination from the vaccine solution while the concentration of lipoplex nanoparticles was not altered. Moreover, neither the quantity nor quality of the mRNA was affected by the filtration process. The results of our pilot study provide the first data on the stability of mRNA vaccines and help to fill knowledge gap when dealing with these substances in hospital pharmacy.
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Background: Nasal route of drug administration has gained popularity nowadays specially for drugs acting on nasopulmonary area. Atazanavir is an antiviral drug which has proved efficacy in different viral infection including COVID-19. Therefore the hypothesis is, if given through intra nasal route this formulation will be able to prevent the viral infection like COVID-19 by directly acting on the virus at its entry point. Objectives: This study aims to prepare a stable mucoadhesive microcrystal formulation of this antiviral drug with good permeation for intra nasal delivery. Materials and Methods: The formulation was prepared by high-speed homogenization process. Prepared microcrystals were estimated for in vitro drug release and permeation, drug excipient interaction study by DSC, FTIR and in vitro mucoadhesiveness study on agar gel plate. A short-term stability study was conducted on all formulations for 6 months. Results: The melting point and absorbance maxima of atazanavir were found as 200.9°C and 248 nm. The DSC and FTIR study results confirmed no drug excipient interaction was there in the formulation. The particle size of the formulations was found as 5-11 µm in range. Drug release was better and faster from the microcrystals as compare to pure powder drug. The flux for microcrystal formulation was found to be 100 whereas flux for the pure drug powder was 24. Formulations had sufficient mucoadhesive strength due to incorporation of HPMC 400 polymer and they were found stable after six months stability study. Conclusion: Lastly, it can be concluded that this formulation would be a promising system for the delivery through intra nasal route as it showed good drug release and permeation during a short time span in in vitro nasal condition with a particle size range suitable for intranasal delivery. However, further in vivo studies are required to confirm the hypothesis.
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Recently the COVID’19 is extensively increasing around the world with many challenges for researchers. Rigorous respiratory disease corona virus 2 show aggression to many parts of COVID’19 affected patients, together with brain and lungs. The changeableness of Corona virus with likely to infect Central Nervous System emphasize the necessity for technological development to identify, handle, and take care of brain damages in COVID’19 patients. An exact short-term predicting the quantity of newly infected and cured cases is vital for resource optimization to stop or reduce the growth of infection. The previous system designed a Linear Decreasing Inertia Weight based Cat Swarm Optimization with Half Binomial Distribution based Convolutional Neural Network (LDIWCSO-HBDCNN) approach for COVID-19 forecasting. However, the ensemble learning is required to improve the prediction outcome via integrating many approaches. This approach allows the production of better predictive performance compared to a single model. For solving this problem, the proposed system designed an Improved Linear Factor based Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm with Ensemble Learning (ILFGOA with EL) for covid-19 forecasting. Initially, the COVID-19 forecasting dataset is taken as an input. With the help of min-max approach, data normalization is done. Then the optimal features are selected by using Improved Linear Factor based Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (ILFGOA) algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy. Based on the selected features, Ensemble Learning (EL) which includes Hyperparameter based Convolutional Neural Network (HCNN) is utilized to identify infected and demise cases across india for a period of time. The outcome of analysis shows that the introduced method attains better execution against previous system with regard to error rate, accuracy, precision, recall and f-measure.